Internet Error Codes and Meaning

Sometime you are browsing the internet and trying to open any website, your e-mail and any FTP sites , but you see different error codes there. You should be familiar with these error codes. You can solve these problems if you are well-known with the meaning of error codes.

Error Codes Meaning

400 This is bad request error, First check you may be typing wrong URL name and server could not understand your request.

401 You are trying to open any unauthorized access site or page. Check your username and password if you are trying to open any webpage.

402 Payment Required Error

403 You are trying to open any forbidden page and you are blocked by that domain.

404 Here you are trying to open the webpage that was removed or re-named, also check the URL spelling.

408 This is time out error. you should send the request with in time that the server set for you.

How to improve your Wireless internet and network connection?

Microsoft Windows gives you a notification whenever your wireless network has a weak signal. This is a sign that you should improve your wireless network. When you get this notification, it means that the wireless connection is not as reliable or high-speed as it's supposed to be. In fact, the wireless connection signal may be completely lost in certain areas of the house. If you would like to improve your wireless network signal, you should carry out a few of these tips. These tips will extend the wireless range. They will also improve the overall performance as well as reliability of the wireless network.

Re-position the wireless router (or wireless access point) to the centre of the house.

Place the router away from walls.

Place the router off the floor.

Place the router away from metal objects.

Instead of using a standard antenna which you get with the router, use a hi-gain one. If the standard router is placed by an outer wall, part of the wireless signals will be directed outside the house. This will also waste the power of the router. Hi-gain antennas send the wireless signals in a single specific direction which you are able to aim on the path where you need them a large amount.

Replace your laptop or computer's wireless network adapter with a USB network adaptor. It uses an external antenna that improves the range of the signals. (Laptops which have built-in wireless normally contain outstanding antennas. They do not usually require to be upgraded.)

Add a wireless repeater to extend the signal range.

Change the wireless router's channel to increase the strength of its signal. You can do that through the configuration page of the router. The computer will detect the new channel itself.

Reduce wireless interference by avoiding wireless electronics which use the 2.4GHz frequency. You should use cordless phones which use the 900MHz or 5.8GHz frequencies.

Update your firmware updates for your router through the manufacturer's website. Update your network adapter driver through the Windows Update feature of Windows 7 and Vista or visit the website www.update.microsoft.com for Windows XP.

Upgrade 802.11b devices to 802.11g or buy a new 802.11 g equipment. It is five times faster than an 802.11b

How to quickly repair your Mobile Phone dropped in water?

Many of you get your mobile phone wet by one way or another. You worry as you mistakenly drop your mobile phone in water. It can also get wet if you are out in a heavy rain. However, there is no need to panic. It is possible to save your wet mobile phone by quickly repairing it. In order to save your mobile phone from water damage, you can consider these easy and simple solutions:

Act rapidly :

The first thing you have to do in order to save your wet mobile phone is to act rapidly. Quickly remove all the detachable parts as well as covers possible such as the back cover, battery, the SIM card, memory card etc. Next, take a piece of cloth or a tissue paper to wipe the excess water you are able to notice within the mobile phone. Make sure that you dry it completely. If you don' t do this, the water inside the mobile phone will begin to evaporate and gather in places which will be difficult to reach.



This will save your wet mobile phone and it will start working if it was under water for just a little while.

Using a hairdryer :

Take a hairdryer and begin drying the mobile phone while giving more consideration to the place where the battery is located. The battery housing usually consists of tiny holes to let in air (so giving more space for water) inside the mobile phone.

Make sure that you are not holding the hairdryer very near to the mobile phone. Keeping it too close to the mobile phone may harm the electrical mechanism of the mobile phone. Keep on drying the mobile phone from a safe distance for about twenty to thirty minutes.

If solution number 1 and solution number 2 don't work, try solution number 3.

Drying for a long time:

Take off the covers as well as battery from the mobile phone. Put the phone in a dry as well as warm place to let the water inside the phone evaporate gradually from the little holes in the mobile phone.

How to make Word 2007 always save in 2003 format?

Not everyone has updated to the 2007 edition of Microsoft Office. So a problem arises as we send them a Word 2007 document without converting it into 2003 format. However, it is possible to make Word 2007 always save in 2003 format. By changing a few settings, we can make Word 2007 always save in 2003 format automatically. This can save our time as we won’t have to convert a document each time we have to send one. Follow these steps to make Word 2007 always save in 2003 format:

1. Open Word 2007.

2. Click on the Office button.

3. Click on the Word Options button at the bottom.

4. The Word Options dialog box will appear.

5. Select the Save tab.

6. Select “Word 97-2003 Document” from the menu of “Save files in this format”.

7. Click on the OK button.

After this you will never have to worry about mistakenly sending the incorrect format of Microsoft Word 2007 to anyone. The same procedure can be used to change the settings of Microsoft Excel 2007.

New PC Assembly Procedure

This procedure describes how to build a modern, Pentium-class Windows 95 personal computer. Starting from components, the instructions here will tell you how to physically assemble the unit, get it running, test it, and even set up and optimize the operating system. My goal in creating this procedure was to make it simple and clear enough that virtually anyone could use it to make their own PC. To meet this goal I have provided a great deal of detail, far more than you will find in other similar descriptions. I have also distilled into these pages my experiences in building and rebuilding dozens of machines, so the common pitfalls are foreseen and you can better avoid the many mistakes that I made while building my first PCs without the benefit of a procedure such as this one. :^)

This assembly procedure is comprised entirely of subprocedures, to keep it to a reasonable length and to allow you to skip the details of any parts of the overall procedure that you already understand. The steps for the procedure are in the Index frame; each loads a subprocedure here, into the Contents frame. You can also use the links at the bottom of this page if you desire.

This procedure concentrates on the assembly and setup of the PC itself. It does not deal with any of the important pre-assembly work, such as planning a system, specifying and purchasing components, etc. These will be covered in future sections of The PC Guide, with links placed here as appropriate. It does, however, include the important steps after assembly is completed, which most other assembly procedures gloss over: testing the system, getting the CD-ROM drive running, and installing the operating system. I assume the installation of Windows 95 here, just because it is the most popular operating system right now.

Note: The procedure overview below applies to the whole build procedure. Each of the individual subprocedures also has its own overview, which you will see when you select one from the Index Frame.

Procedure Overview:

* Difficulty Level: 4 (High).
* Risk Factor: 4 (High). There is a slight chance of hardware damage with this procedure. There is no risk of data loss if a new, clean hard disk is being used, otherwise there is a remote chance of data loss as well.
* Hardware Required: See procedure step 1.
* Software Required: See procedure step 1.
* Time to Perform: Typically two to three hours for someone doing this the first time. This depends a great deal on: the exact system being built, the builder's experience level, how many problems are encountered during assembly, and many other factors.
* Preparation / Warnings:
o Please be sure you have read these safety precautions before beginning a full system build.
o If you have not already done so, please read this section on general installation and assembly tips.
o Do not run the system with the power supply plugged in so you can use it to ground yourself to avoid static. Static is bad, electrocution is much worse.
o I would recommend familiarizing yourself with at least the basics of how the PC works before starting. Try reading various sections of the Reference Guide for starters. It is especially beneficial to have a decent understanding of the PC's boot process when building a new PC.
o This procedure is geared towards those creating a new, modern PC from scratch. Some of what it contains is not relevant for those building an older PC, performing upgrades, etc. I also do not cover the specifics of installing peripherals, esoteric things like RAID controllers, multiple-disk setups, and the like. You can easily extrapolate these from what is here, however.
o I assume the use of IDE/ATA/ATAPI hard disk drives and CD-ROM drives, not SCSI. I may add steps for SCSI at a later date.
o If the hard disk drive being used in the system was purchased new from a discounter or other company you don't have a lot of experience with, you should take whatever precautions you can to verify that it is legitimate and has not been resold to you after being stolen. Hard disk drive theft is becoming an epidemic, and some vendors are starting to crack down on it. For example, Western Digital Corporation is now refusing to provide warranty service on drives that have been reported as stolen. Unfortunately, most of these are resold to unknowing third parties who do not find out about it until they try to return the drive after they have a problem. Western Digital has a page on their web site that will let you enter the serial number from your drive to see if it has been reported stolen. If it has been, return it at once and take any other appropriate steps that you deem necessary. Make sure you always buy from a reputable vendor, and beware of any deal that's "too good to be true", because there is usually a reason. This sort of a problem is rare when you buy from an established dealer.
o Some of the steps can be done in a different order with no ill effects. I have them in the order that I prefer them. Most of these are based on experience; for example some may find it odd to set the jumpers on the motherboard before installing it, but it's much easier to reach the jumpers that way. I also find putting the drives in before the motherboard makes it easier to reach the drives for mounting, especially on smaller cases. Finally, I have found it easier to put the heat sink on the processor after installing the processor in its socket.
o There are millions of combinations of components out there. Please use discretion in following the instructions. I am not omniscient.
o If you have problems getting the new system to work, try looking in the Troubleshooting Guide. I have references to more specific areas of the Troubleshooting Expert within the subprocedures themselves.
o Some of the steps apply only to systems using the AT form factor, and not the ATX form factor. I personally have far more experience with AT and therefore the chances of errors in the procedure are higher in the areas that are specific to ATX. See here for more on these form factors.

Procedure Steps: Please use the Index Frame; the steps are repeated below for the benefit of those accessing the site without frames:

Note: The "Next" links at the bottom of each of the pages below follow the index structure of the overall site (as seen in the Topic Index.) They do not follow the sequence required to complete the New PC Assembly Procedure. Please use the links below instead of the "Next" links if you are using these procedures to build a new PC.

1. Gather and Inspect Components and Tools.
2. Remove Cover From System Case.
3. Prepare System Case for Assembly.
4. Plan System Layout.
5. Install Floppy Disk Drive.
6. Configure Hard Disk Drive and CD-ROM Drive.
7. Install Hard Disk Drive.
8. Install CD-ROM Drive.
9. Configure Motherboard.
10. Install Processor.
11. Install Heat Sink (for processors without integrated cooling).
12. Install Cache Module (for systems using cache modules only).
13. Install Memory Modules.
14. Install Motherboard.
15. Install I/O Port Connectors (AT form factor only).
16. Install PS/2 Mouse Port Connector (optional, AT form factor only).
17. Connect Motherboard and Case.
18. Connect Floppy Disk Drive to Motherboard.
19. Connect Hard Disk Drive to Motherboard.
20. Connect CD-ROM Drive to Motherboard.
21. Install Video Card.
22. Perform Post-Assembly Inspection.
23. Connect External Peripherals.
24. Perform Initial Boot.
25. Perform Initial BIOS Setup.
26. Perform Initial System Tests.
27. Install Additional Peripherals.
28. Partition and Format Hard Disk.
29. Install CD-ROM Driver.
30. Install Windows 95 (or other operating system).
31. Complete Assembly.
32. Document System.

The Amazing Electronic Cigarette

Picture this — you’re in a restaurant or bar where there is no smoking. After a great meal you want to have a quick cigarette to finish the experience. With normal cigarettes, you can’t light up without a large fine or other possible problems. With an electronic cigarette, you can get your nicotine after you eat without bothering anyone else! Not only will the water vapor not affect those around you, the nicotine you get will not be mixed with tar and other carcinogens. All this on top of saving money.




If this sounds like a cigarette for you, the cigarette of the future is available today.
Order yours today.

Looks Like a Cigarette, Smokes Like a Cigarette
This electronic cigarette looks like a traditional cigarette and even smokes like a traditional cigarette, but when you light up where there’s no smoking, be prepared for a crowd to gather around you, wondering what type of “smoking contraption” you’re smoking. Ecigarettes contain a small atomizer that mixes nicotine (smoke juice) with water and creates a vapor that is inhaled. An organic chemical is used to make the smoke mimic traditional cigarette smoke, allowing you to get the feel of exhaling. (Try THAT with nicotine gum.) A blue LED at the tip of the cigarette even lights up to look like a cherry when you inhale. Electronic cigarettes look like real cigarettes, but they deliver nicotine to the body in a new method.

A New Cigarette, a New Way of Life
Whether you want to use an electronic cigarette to attempt to stop smoking or eliminate smoke from the process, you are still going to get the same tactile pleasures that are associated with real cigarettes. The new ecigs are also a lot of fun. As mentioned, you shouldn’t be surprised if everyone and their buddy wants to take yours for a spin once you pull it out in front of them for the first time. Water vapor and nicotine. That’s the whole mix. Nice, right?

Save up to 75% Compared to Major Cigarette Brands
A cartridge of “smoke juice” for an electronic cigarette is equal to approximately 25 normal cigarettes. Just do the math. If your favorite brand of cigarette is $6/pack and you smoke one pack per day, you’re spending over $2,000 per year. For the same amount of “puffs,” you’re going to spend around $1,050 per year. You don’t have to be a math genius to see how this is going to help you save money in the short run and the long run. What could you do with an extra $1,000 or so every year? Is it time for a “stimulus package” of your own — i.e. an electronic cigarette kit?

Bye, Bye Ciggie Smell!
If you are a smoker, you may have seen noses scrunch when you come around if you have been smoking that day. Cigarette smoke lingers on everything — hands, hair, breath, clothes, your furniture, even your car! The smell can be offensive to some. Electronic cigarettes solve this problem quite nicely. The water vapors created by the ecigarette has none of the traditional cigarette smoke smell. The vapor disappears almost immediately to your hands, clothes, and everything around you won’t have that smoky smell.

Basic Fundamental Types

Types of Basic Fundamental Types:
Active Active Components, Active Devices
Passive Passive Components, Passive Devices

Type: Active
Also known as: Active Components, Active Devices
Description: Active electronic components are electronic devices with gain or directionality.
Subtype of: Basic Fundamental Types

Types of Active:
Capacitors Caps
Diode
Hybrid Intergrated Circuits HIC, Hybrid Circuit
Integrated Circuits IC, Microcircuit, Microchip
Magnetic Devices Inductive
Power Sources
Semiconductors
Transistor
Capacitors

Type: Capacitors
Also known as: Caps
Description: A capacitor is an electrical device capable of storing energy in an electric field between a pair of conductors. Capacitors are used in various circuits as energy-storage devices. In addition, they can also be used as electronic filters, being used to differentiate high and low frequencies.
Subtype of: Active





Types of Capacitors:
Variable Capacitor
Varicap Diode

Variable Capacitor

Type: Variable Capacitor
Also known as:
Description: This device is a type of capacitor where the ability to store energy is able to be switched on or off. This can be done intentionally and a number of times either mechanically or electronically.
Subtype of: Capacitors



Diode

Type: Diode
Also known as:
Description: A Diode is a small two-terminal device used in electronics to control the current flow through parts. Most commonly, a Diode allows an electric current flow in through one direction, and blocks it flowing through the other direction.
Subtype of: Active





Types of Diode:
Bridge Rectifier
LED Light Emitting Diode
Photodiode
Schottky Diode Hot Carrier Diode
Zener Diode




Varicap Diode

Type: Varicap Diode
Also known as:
Description: This device is basically a diode and a capacitor in one. These are used in a reverse-biased function when controlling the amount of voltage flowing through the part.
Subtype of: Capacitors


Hybrid Intergrated Circuits

Type: Hybrid Intergrated Circuits
Also known as: HIC, Hybrid Circuit
Description: A HIC is simply a smaller version of a normal electronic circuit built of individual devices such as diodes, resistors, transistors, or capacitors. These parts are then bonded to a Printed Circuit Board (PCB.)
Subtype of: Active




Integrated Circuits

Type: Integrated Circuits
Also known as: IC, Microcircuit, Microchip
Description: Similar to a Hybrid Integrated Circuit, an Integrated Circuit is a smaller version of an electronic circuit and consists of semiconductor and passive components. The difference though, is that an IC is manufactured right into the surface of a thin substrate of material. These are used mostly with various digital appliances.
Subtype of: Active





Types of Integrated Circuits:
Analog
Digital


Passive

Type: Passive
Also known as: Passive Components, Passive Devices
Description: Passive electronic components are electronic devices that allow electrical current to flow in either direction and do not amplify the signal.
Subtype of: Basic Fundamental Types





Types of Passive:
Connectors Interconnect Parts
Resistors
Resonators
Transducers Sensors, Detectors

what is Electronics

Electronics is the branch of science and technology that deals with electrical circuits involving active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits. The nonlinear behaviour of these components and their ability to control electron flows makes amplification of weak signals possible, and is usually applied to information and signal processing. Electronics is distinct from electrical and electro-mechanical science and technology, which deals with the generation, distribution, switching, storage and conversion of electrical energy to and from other energy forms using wires, motors, generators, batteries, switches, relays, transformers, resistors and other passive components. This distinction started around 1906 with the invention by Lee De Forest of the triode, which made electrical amplification of weak radio signals and audio signals possible with a non-mechanical device. Until 1950 this field was called "radio technology" because its principal application was the design and theory of radio transmitters, receivers and vacuum tubes.

Today, most electronic devices use semiconductor components to perform electron control. The study of semiconductor devices and related technology is considered a branch of steady state physics, whereas the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems come under electronics engineering. This article focuses on engineering aspects of electronics.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Electronic devices and components
* 2 Types of circuits
o 2.1 Analog circuits
o 2.2 Digital circuits
* 3 Heat dissipation and thermal management
* 4 Noise
* 5 Electronics theory
* 6 Computer aided design (CAD)
* 7 Construction methods
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 Further reading
* 11 External links

[edit] Electronic devices and components

An electronic component is any physical entity in an electronic system used to affect the electrons or their associated fields in a desired manner consistent with the intended function of the electronic system. Components are generally intended to be connected together, usually by being soldered to a printed circuit board (PCB), to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Components may be packaged singly or in more complex groups as integrated circuits. Some common electronic components are capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes, transistors, etc. Components are often categorized as active (e.g. transistors and thyristors) or passive (e.g. resistors and capacitors).
[edit] Types of circuits

Circuits and components can be divided into two groups: analog and digital. A particular device may consist of circuitry that has one or the other or a mix of the two types.
[edit] Analog circuits
Main article: Analog electronics
Hitachi J100 adjustable frequency drive chassis.

Most analog electronic appliances, such as radio receivers, are constructed from combinations of a few types of basic circuits. Analog circuits use a continuous range of voltage as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits.

The number of different analog circuits so far devised is huge, especially because a 'circuit' can be defined as anything from a single component, to systems containing thousands of components.

Analog circuits are sometimes called linear circuits although many non-linear effects are used in analog circuits such as mixers, modulators, etc. Good examples of analog circuits include vacuum tube and transistor amplifiers, operational amplifiers and oscillators.

One rarely finds modern circuits that are entirely analog. These days analog circuitry may use digital or even microprocessor techniques to improve performance. This type of circuit is usually called "mixed signal" rather than analog or digital.

Sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate between analog and digital circuits as they have elements of both linear and non-linear operation. An example is the comparator which takes in a continuous range of voltage but only outputs one of two levels as in a digital circuit. Similarly, an overdriven transistor amplifier can take on the characteristics of a controlled switch having essentially two levels of output.
[edit] Digital circuits
Main article: Digital electronics

Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels. Digital circuits are the most common physical representation of Boolean algebra and are the basis of all digital computers. To most engineers, the terms "digital circuit", "digital system" and "logic" are interchangeable in the context of digital circuits. Most digital circuits use a binary system with two voltage levels labeled "0" and "1". Often logic "0" will be a lower voltage and referred to as "Low" while logic "1" is referred to as "High". However, some systems use the reverse definition ("0" is "High") or are current based. Ternary (with three states) logic has been studied, and some prototype computers made. Computers, electronic clocks, and programmable logic controllers (used to control industrial processes) are constructed of digital circuits. Digital Signal Processors are another example.

Building-blocks:

* Logic gates
* Adders
* Flip-Flops
* Counters
* Registers
* Multiplexers
* Schmitt triggers

Highly integrated devices:

* Microprocessors
* Microcontrollers
* Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)
* Digital signal processor (DSP)
* Field-programmable gate array (FPGA)

[edit] Heat dissipation and thermal management
Main article: Thermal management of electronic devices and systems

Heat generated by electronic circuitry must be dissipated to prevent immediate failure and improve long term reliability. Techniques for heat dissipation can include heat sinks and fans for air cooling, and other forms of computer cooling such as water cooling. These techniques use convection, conduction, & radiation of heat energy.
[edit] Noise
Main article: Electronic noise

Noise is associated with all electronic circuits. Noise is defined[1] as unwanted disturbances superposed on a useful signal that tend to obscure its information content. Noise is not the same as signal distortion caused by a circuit. Noise may be electromagnetically or thermally generated, which can be decreased by lowering the operating temperature of the circuit. Other types of noise, such as shot noise cannot be removed as they are due to limitations in physical properties.
[edit] Electronics theory
Main article: Mathematical methods in electronics

Mathematical methods are integral to the study of electronics. To become proficient in electronics it is also necessary to become proficient in the mathematics of circuit analysis.

Circuit analysis is the study of methods of solving generally linear systems for unknown variables such as the voltage at a certain node or the current through a certain branch of a network. A common analytical tool for this is the SPICE circuit simulator.

Also important to electronics is the study and understanding of electromagnetic field theory.
[edit] Computer aided design (CAD)
Main article: Electronic design automation

Today's electronics engineers have the ability to design circuits using premanufactured building blocks such as power supplies, semiconductors (such as transistors), and integrated circuits. Electronic design automation software programs include schematic capture programs and printed circuit board design programs. Popular names in the EDA software world are NI Multisim, Cadence (ORCAD), Eagle PCB and Schematic, Mentor (PADS PCB and LOGIC Schematic), Altium (Protel), LabCentre Electronics (Proteus), gEDA, KiCad and many others.
[edit] Construction methods
Main article: Electronic packaging

Many different methods of connecting components have been used over the years. For instance, early electronics often used point to point wiring with components attached to wooden breadboards to construct circuits. Cordwood construction and wire wraps were other methods used. Most modern day electronics now use printed circuit boards made of materials such as FR4, or the cheaper (and less hard-wearing) Synthetic Resin Bonded Paper (SRBP, also known as Paxoline/Paxolin (trade marks) and FR2) - characterised by its light yellow-to-brown colour. Health and environmental concerns associated with electronics assembly have gained increased attention in recent years, especially for products destined to the European Union, with its Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE), which went into force in July 2006.
[edit] See also
Nuvola apps ksim.png Electronics portal
Book: An introduction to electronics
Wikipedia Books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.
Wikibooks has more on the topic of
Electronics

* Audio engineering
* Broadcast engineering
* Computer engineering
* Electronic engineering
* Index of electronics articles
* Marine electronics
* Power electronics
* Robotics
* Printed circuit board
* Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive

[edit] References

1. ^ IEEE Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms ISBN 978-0-471-42806-0